Vahanas and Their Meaning: Divine Mounts in Indian Art Forms

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By Zeel Sundhani

13 min read

  • India
  • Culture
  • Religion
  • Painting
  • Art

    • Table of Contents

    1. Mushaka
    2. Garuda
    3. Cow
    4. Nandi
    5. Lion or Tiger
    6. Swan
    7. Peacock
    8. Owl
    9. Crocodile
    10. Rooster
    11. Goat
    12. Dog

    In Indian mythology and art, the concept of vahana (vehicle or mount) holds a unique place, with each deity being associated with a particular animal. These animals are far more than mere companions, these vahanas are the divine mounts upon which deities are often depicted, acting as extensions of their power and personality. Be it the mighty Garuda soaring with Vishnu, the serene swan gliding with Saraswati, or the humble mouse seated at Ganesha’s feet, each vahana carries a symbolic meaning that deepens our understanding of the deity it accompanies. In Indian art forms, from temple sculpture to paintings, vahanas not only complete the divine image but also express profound philosophical ideas associated with the deity, as well as ideas related to the communities that worship these gods, making them integral to the daily life, spiritual thought and aesthetic tradition of India.

    The origins of vahanas can be traced back to ancient Sanskrit literature, where these animals were not simply companions, but symbols of cosmic principles. Each mount embodies an aspect of nature, human instinct or universal energy, channeling the deity’s essence into a form that devotees could relate to.

    Through this blog, we aim to explore the stories behind each animal as a vahana, as depicted in Indian art with their deity.

    Mushaka

    Lord Ganesha, the remover of obstacles and the patron God of wisdom, is always depicted with a small yet significant companion at his feet- Mushaka, the mouse. While the contrast between the mighty deity with his elephant head and the tiny, seemingly insignificant mouse may appear striking, this pairing is highly symbolic. The mouse represents desire, greed and restless energy, qualities that, if unchecked, can gnaw away at human life. By making the mouse his vahana, Ganesha demonstrates mastery over these impulses, teaching devotees that wisdom lies in controlling one’s desires rather than being consumed by them.

    The mouse, being small and able to enter hidden spaces, also symbolises Ganesha’s ability to reach into the deepest corners of the human mind, uncovering hidden knowledge and removing unseen obstacles. In folk traditions, Mushaka also represents humility, proving that no matter how small or overlooked one may be, everyone has a role in the cosmic order. In traditional and folk Indian art,Mushaka is often seen gazing upward at Ganesha, highlighting his devotion and service, as seen in the below Madhubani and Pattachitra paintings.

    Harmony Unbound: Ganesha and Mushak’s Melodic Banter of Madhubani by Priti Karn

    Monochromic Symphony: The Grandeur of Ganesha with his Mushak at Mandapa Pattachitra Painting by Apindra Swain

    Garuda

    Garuda is the vahana of Lord Vishnu, the mighty eagle, also depicted as a half-human and half-eagle. He symbolises swiftness, strength and devotion to dharma. His wings represent speed and expansive vision, enabling him to soar across the three worlds, carrying Vishnu as the preserver of cosmic order. In art, Garuda is also often shown kneeling with folded hands before Lord Vishnu, emphasising on humility and service despite his immense power. As eagles are considered the enemy of serpents (nagas), associated with ignorance and bondage, Garuda symbolically represents the eternal struggle against darkness. He is often shown with a naga held between his claws. Thus, in both philosophy and visual representation, Garuda signifies the triumph of divine truth, courage and the unwavering devotion that sustains cosmic harmony.

    This oleograph by Raja Ravi Verma depicts Garuda carrying Vishnu and his consorts Shri Devi and Bhu Devi on his back, and holding a serpent in his claws.

    Vishnu Riding Garuda Oleograph by Raja Ravi Varma (Embellished)

    In the below Majuli mask and Cheriyal figure, Garuda is depicted in the form of a human face with a beak.

    Garuda In Majuli mask by Jyoti

    Garuda Cheriyal Figure by Sai Kiran

    Cow

    The image of Krishna with cows is a very popular theme in Indian art, whether as the cowherd- Govinda or the protector of cows - Gopala of Vrindavan or the divine flute player surrounded by his herd. The cow is revered as a symbol of abundance, purity and motherhood, symbolising dharma or righteousness and the nurturing aspect of nature. Philosophically, the cow symbolizes the Earth - Bhumi Devi, sustained by Krishna’s presence, while sociologically, it signifies the importance of cattle in a pastoral society like Vrindavan, whether cows are a means of livelihood through dairy farming.

    This Kalamkari painting shows Krishna playing the flute, accompanied by the cow.

    Krishna with Cow Kalamkari Painting by Siva Reddy

    Cows are the most popular motif in Pichwai paintings, shown with Shrinathji, in herds, as a part of festivals like Gopashtami or Govardhan puja, or even by themselves with calves, surrounded by lotus flowers, etc. They are often depicted with saffron handprints on them, symbolising the divine presence of Lord Krishna.

    Gopala Leela: Shrinathji with Sacred Cows in Pichwai by Naveen Soni

    Krishna's companions: Cows in Pichwai by Shehzaad Ali Sherani

    Nandi

    Nandi, the sacred bull, is the constant companion and vehicle of Lord Shiva. He holds a deep and symbolic meaning in Indian art and philosophy. A bull represents strength, virility and endurance - all attributes associated with Lord Shiva. Nandi can often be seen seated in front of Shiva in temples, facing the sanctum. He is the eternal devotee whose gaze never wavers from the divine, highlighting his unshaken faith, patience and discipline in spiritual practice. Nandi also embodies dharma or righteousness and the controlled use of power, reflecting Shiva’s role as protector of cosmic balance, who holds the power to destroy the world with his energy, but chooses to protect it instead.

    The below Jogi painting depicts Nandi with his Lord, Shiva.

    Lord Shiva and Nandi in Jogi Art by Govind Bhai Bharthri

    This Kalamkari painting shows Shiva, with his consort Goddess Parvati, seated on a beautifully ornamented Nandi.

    Shiva and Parvati seated on Nandi in Kalamkari by K. Lakshminarayan

    Bulls are also revered in India for their indispensable role in agrarian societies, making Nandi a figure worshipped by itself too, along with in connection to Shiva. In the below Gond painting, Nandi is depicted as the “ Keeper of Fields”.

    Keepers of the Fields Gond by Venkat Shyam

    Lion or Tiger

    The lion and tiger are associated with Goddess Durga, representing immense power, courage and the triumph of divine energy over destructive forces. The lion symbolises fearlessness and mastery over ego, while the tiger highlights ferocity, strength and the raw untamed forces of nature. Together, these animals connect to Durga’s role as the universal mother who protects creation by subduing chaos and evil. Philosophically, the lion and tiger serve as symbols of controlled power, teaching that strength must be used not for domination but for the defense of righteousness and harmony. In most societies, these wild cats are feared and regarded as fierce and powerful, hence the association with a warrior goddess, Durga. These animals are popular motifs in various Indian artworks, used as symbols in Mata ni pachedi, Madhubani, etc., depicted with Durga in her warrior form, in her Mahishasura Mardini form or even as Parvati.

    Durga Mata Mata Ni Pachedi By Dilip Chitara For Home Decor

    Durga Mata: Feminine Ferocity in Madhubani by Priti Karn

    Swan

    Saraswati, the goddess of wisdom, learning and the arts, is traditionally depicted seated on or accompanied by a swan as her vahana. The swan symbolizes purity, discernment and the ability to separate truth from falsehood, just as a swan is believed in Indian thought to be able to separate milk from water. This association highlights Saraswati’s role as the source of higher knowledge and spiritual insight, guiding devotees toward clarity and wisdom. In art, the swan often appears beside the goddess holding her veena and scriptures, reinforcing her image as the embodiment of knowledge, music and eloquence, as depicted in the below Kalighat and Tanjore paintings.

    Saraswati's Sanctuary: Kalighat Art by Bapi Chitrakar

    Maa Saraswati Tanjore Painting by Sanjay Tandekar

    Peacock

    Saraswati is also depicted with a peacock instead of the swan. The peacock represents beauty, grace and artistic expression- qualities closely tied to Saraswati’s role as the goddess of music, poetry and the arts. At the same time, the peacock is also associated with pride and vanity, serving as a reminder that the pursuit of knowledge and artistic excellence should be free from ego. When Saraswati is shown with the peacock, it reflects the balance between outer beauty and inner wisdom, highlighting the fact that creativity must be guided by purity of thought. In painting traditions, the peacock often appears beside Saraswati holding her veena, adding vibrancy and elegance to her portrayal, as depicted in the below oleograph by Raja Ravi Verma and Kalamkari painting.

    Goddess Saraswati amidst Nature in Oleograph by Raja Ravi Varma

    The Goddess of Knowledge: Goddess Saraswati in Kalamkari by Mannasamudram Viswanath Reddy

    Kartikeya, also known as Skanda or Murugan, the god of war and commander of the divine army, is traditionally shown riding a magnificent peacock named Paravani. The peacock symbolizes splendor, pride and beauty, and thus, Kartikeya represents the conquest of desire and ego. The bird’s vibrant plumage and majestic presence remind devotees of worldly attraction, while Kartikeya’s mastery over it signifies the control of sensual impulses through discipline and spiritual strength. In South Indian traditions, especially in Tamil Nadu where Murugan worship is central, the peacock is celebrated as a sign of valor and divine protection.

    In art, the peacock not only enhances Kartikeya’s royal and martial character but also symbolises the harmonious blend of beauty, power and divinity. This oleograph by Raja Ravi Verma depicts Kartikeya with his consorts, Valli and Devsana, seated on his vahana, the peacock.

    Shanmukha Subramanyam (Kartikeya) Oleograph by Raja Ravi Varma (Embellished)

    Owl

    Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, prosperity and good fortune is depicted with an owl as her vahana. The owl symbolizes vigilance, wisdom and the ability to see through darkness, serving as a reminder to the devotees that true prosperity requires careful insight and awareness. While it represents knowledge and spiritual perception, it is also seen as a creature of the night, suggesting the dangers of ignorance, greed and misuse of wealth. This dual symbolism reflects the two sides of prosperity - where, when guided by wisdom, wealth brings abundance and stability, but when blinded by desire, it can lead to downfall. In Bengal, during the festival of Kojagari Lakshmi Puja, the goddess is often shown with her owl, highlighting its regional importance in devotional art and ritual. In paintings, terracotta work, and folk art such as Kalighat and Pattachitra, the owl becomes a central motif, emphasising that Lakshmi’s gifts must be received with humility, caution and responsibility.

    Goddess Lakshmi's Serenity Terracotta art by Dolon Kundu

    Goddess Lakshmi seated on owl in Kalighat by Hasir Chitrakar

    Crocodile

    Khodiyar Mata, a regional goddess worshipped primarily in Gujarat and Rajasthan, is depicted riding a crocodile as her vahana. The crocodile represents strength, resilience and the primal forces of water, reflecting the goddess’s close connection to rivers, lakes and fertility. In local traditions, Khodiyar Mata is revered as a protective mother who blesses her devotees with health, children and prosperity. Her crocodile mount symbolises fearlessness and mastery over the dangerous and unpredictable forces of nature, showing her as both guardian and controller of the aquatic world. According to folklore, the crocodile once rescued and carried her, earning its place as an eternal companion and a sign of her divine power. The pairing of the goddess and crocodile reflects a deep integration of the local ecology, mythological lore and unwavering devotion, where natural elements are seen as embodiments of divine protection.

    In the folk art of Gujarat, the crocodile appears beneath her, highlighting her unique identity among Indian goddesses, as depicted in the below Mata ni Pachedi.

    Divine Reverence Mata Ni Pachedi By Sanjay Chitara For Home Decor

    Rooster

    Bahuchara Mata, a goddess widely worshipped in Gujarat and Rajasthan, is depicted with a rooster as her vahana. The rooster symbolises vigilance, courage and the power to dispel darkness, as its crowing announces the arrival of dawn. As the vahana of Bahuchara mata, the rooster also represents control over lust and desire, reflecting the goddess’s association with chastity and celibacy. According to tradition, she embodies both fertility and restraint, blessing her devotees with strength and moral discipline. Her connection with the rooster thus underscores the balance between life’s generative forces and their disciplined use. For her devotees, especially within communities such as the hijras, where she is revered as a symbol of transformation, courage and spiritual awakening, the rooster serves as a reminder of vigilance and purity. In folk art, Bahuchara Mata seated on a rooster is seen as a powerful and distinctive visual, setting her apart from other regional goddesses, as depicted in the below Mata ni Pachedi.

    Bahuchar Mata Mata Ni Pachedi By Vasant Manubhai Chitara For Home Decor

    Goat

    Meldi Maa, a popular village goddess of Gujarat, is depicted with a goat as her vahana. The goat symbolises sacrifice, sustenance and fertility, and highlights the importance of cattle in the agrarian communities that worship the goddess. In rural traditions, the goat represents abundance and livelihood, being a crucial source of food, milk and wealth for farming households. As the vahana of the goddess, it emphasises on the goddess’s role as the protector of cattle, crops and village prosperity. The goat is also associated with strength, determination and fearlessness- qualities attributed to Meldi Maa as the guardian of fields and families. In folk art, depictions of the goat are a part of the iconography of the Goddess, making it a link between the goddess, nature and the agricultural life of her devotees, are shown in the below Mata ni Pachedi.

    Meldi Mata Mata Ni Pachedi By Dilip Chitara For Home Decor

    Dog

    Hadksha Mata, a fierce protective goddess worshipped in Gujarat and Rajasthan, is traditionally shown with a dog as her vahana.The dog represents loyalty, vigilance and the ability to guard against unseen dangers. The goddess is also known to heal people suffering from rabies, hence also the association with the dog. This dual association as both a guardian and healer, has made Hadaksha Mata a figure of faith in communities that live in close contact with animals. In folk art, she is often shown with the dog at her side, a reminder of both vigilance and her power to ward off disease.

    Hadksha Mata: Mata ni Pachedi by Sanjay Chittara

    These artworks show us how each deity is connected to a certain animal, that matches their personality and attributes, be it Shiva and the strength of a bull or Durga and the ferociousness of a lion, these vahanas show us how humans personify animals, giving them human-like traits, which, also associated with gods on a larger level, lead to certain animals getting connected to gods and goddesses. Indian art, being a reflection of society, depicts these personifications and connections.

    In conclusion, animals in Indian art are far more than just decorative elements or mythical companions, these vahanas are profound symbols that act as a bridge between nature and the divine. By embodying qualities such as strength, wisdom, ferocity or devotion, these animals become extensions of the deities themselves and a means through which people connect with larger cosmic truths. They remind us that every aspect of nature carry within it a spark of the sacred. Indian art, in celebrating these vahanas, invites us to see the world not as separate from divinity but as deeply interconnected with it - with gods, humans and animals all contributing to the creation and existence of the world.

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